Journal of Accounting and Financial Studies ( JAFS )
A scientific journal issued by Post Graduate Institute for Accounting and Financial Studies – University of Baghdad. Date of the first issue, issued in (2006). The journal publishes one volume per year, containing four issues. The journal applies a double-blind peer review process in the evaluation of scientific submissions. All journal issues are available to readers under an open access license.
Post Graduate Institute for Accounting and Financial Studies – University of Baghdad
The copyright is transferred to the journal when the researcher is notified of the acceptance of his research submitted for publication in the journal.
External Audit and its Role in Contributing to Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Public Sector Financial Institutions (Applied Research)
The importance of sustainable development stems from its importance in preserving resources of various types and nature and preserving the rights of future generations without harming the rights of current generations. The current research aims to define the concept, goals and importance of sustainable development and its causes and the role of the auditor in measuring the extent to which these goals are achieved by relying on a set of tools represented by international auditing standards in the public sector, especially in the planning stage of the audit process, which allows the external auditor to express his professional judgment through the results he reached on the extent to which goal (16) and its goals are achieved in building strong and effective institutions subject to accountability, by creating indicators to measure the aforementioned sustainable development goal. As for the research sample, it was represented by the Industrial Bank as one of the public financial institutions operating in Iraq, and the time limits of the research were represented by the years (2021-2023). The research concluded that external auditing is an effective means that contributes to verifying the extent to which public sector financial institutions are able to achieve sustainable development goals, due to the independence of external auditing, which ensures to a reasonable extent measuring the contribution of public sector financial institutions to achieving sustainable development goals. Understanding the nature of the activity of public sector financial institutions, the tasks of their departments and the laws also affect the systems under which they operate and the general strategies of the state in audit procedures lead to the development of a set of indicators to measure the extent to which sustainable development goals are achieved.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Accounting and Financial Studies ( JAFS )
The role of the external auditor to detect fraud in the trust accounts in accordance with international auditing standards and local evidence
The research seeks to clarify the role of the external auditor in accordance with international auditing standards and local evidence to detect fraud in the trusts account in the Diyala Governorate Office. The analytical statements accompanying the financial statements of the research sample for the years (2012-2017) were studied and the degree of risk and relative importance of the trusts account was determined, as well as The extent to which the government expenditure unit, the research sample, adheres to the laws, regulations, and instructions in this regard, and thus its impact on the entire audit process, To achieve the goal of the research, the research hypothesis was proven, which states that procedures for auditing the trust accounts in accordance with international auditing standards and local evidence contribute to detecting fraud. The research concluded that the approved INTOSAI standards were not taken into account when planning and implementing audit procedures for accounts payable, especially the trust account, to ensure the validity and accuracy of the account The research recommends the need to take into consideration the approved INTOSAI standards when planning and implementing audit procedures for accounts payable, especially the trust account, to ensure the validity and accuracy of the account.
The role of agile internal audit using the updated COBIT framework in the quality of financial performance of Iraqi private banks
This research aims to explore the impact of implementing agile internal audit using the updated COBIT framework on the quality of financial performance of local private banks. Agile internal auditing is characterized by its flexibility, efficiency and ability to adapt to rapid changes and emergency events, as well as achieving added value by reducing waste and improving control processes using the updated version of COBIT This framework enhances governance and IT management, and can be integrated with financial activities to improve financial performance in an integrated manner, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and compliance. The research was applied to a sample of private banks in Iraq, which includes six (6) banks, namely (International Development Bank, Ashur International Bank, Gulf Commercial Bank, United Investment Bank, Middle East Investment Bank and Al Ahli Iraqi Bank) Using the questionnaire method and asking questions to a group of employees working in these banks. The results of the research showed that the application of agile internal audit and the application of the principles of the updated COBIT framework has a positive impact by improving risk management and reducing the costs associated with operational risks, leading to an improvement in the quality of the banks' financial performance. In light of these findings, the research recommends adopting a phased approach to COBIT implementation, where it is recommended to apply it according to each bank's needs, starting with high-priority areas, with the aim of improving financial performance and mitigating IT-related risks.
The possibility of benefiting from the Chinese experience to enhance the production structure in the Iraqi economy
The study aims to study the reality of the Iraqi economy and to show the structural imbalances in the productive sectors and to review the flows of foreign direct investment in the Chinese experience, the extent of benefiting from that experience to analyze the effectiveness of foreign investment as a method to use it to determine future prospects, and it was based on the inductive approach and the descriptive analytical approach during the period (2010-2023). The study reached a set of results. The main reason for the importance of foreign direct investment is that it is an alternative means of financing that many countries resort to when they face a deficit in financing their investments by enhancing savings. However, all countries can benefit from foreign direct investment flows in the event that local investment is unable to enhance economic growth. The study recommended the necessity of improving the reality of foreign direct investment in order to strengthen the production structure and diversify its sources, especially in rentier countries, so that the economy does not fall into a state of inflation by improving the investment environment, granting incentives, and issuing legislation and laws that encourage foreign direct investment.
Reducing costs by using clean energy under the seventh sustainable development goal (SDG7)
The research aims to explain the role of clean energy in addressing the environmental problems faced by Iraqi production factories due to conventional production operations. It seeks to reduce high costs and enhance production by transitioning to clean energy, relying on sustainable fuel sources to generate electrical and thermal energy. This approach aims to resolve frequent operational interruptions and mitigate the challenges of low electrical supply, which negatively impact production efficiency. Therefore, it becomes essential to adopt production methods that enable the creation of green products, meet environmental standards, and achieve these goals at the lowest possible cost.
The effectiveness of joint operating contracts and their impact on the resources available to the facility
The research aims to highlight the importance of joint operation contracts and their impact on the resources available to the facility, as these contracts allow the public sector to contract with the private sector for the purpose of qualifying, managing and operating or building, managing and operating the facility's resources in order to benefit from the expertise of the private sector, training national workers and transferring modern technology to the public sector in a more efficient and effective manner. The most important conclusions reached are the weakness of the public sector (the facility) in conducting comprehensive studies of the economic feasibility of joint operation contract projects, which must include the objectives of these contracts, their importance and their role in influencing the company's activity. The most important recommendations are the need to conduct comprehensive economic feasibility studies for all (joint operation) projects before starting implementation. These studies must include the impact on revenues, estimating financial returns, and reducing costs, to ensure achieving the maximum and effective benefit from these projects.
The Impact of Risk Disclosure According to IFRS7 on the Continuity of Iraqi Banks Listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange
The aim of this research was to explore the impact of risk disclosure according to International Financial Reporting Standard. (IFRS 7) on the continuity indicators of Iraqi banks. The research problem focused on determining the level of risk disclosure, both qualitative and quantitative, as well as the continuity indicators of the Iraqi banks in the study sample. The research population consisted of Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, and a sample of 20 banks was selected based on accessibility, the continuity of their banking activities, and their cooperation in providing the necessary data. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze and interpret the results. The research concluded several findings, the most important of which was the greater impact of quantitative risk disclosure on the continuity of Iraqi banks compared to qualitative disclosure. It was also found that the sustainability indicators of the sample banks were all in good condition.
Prof. Dr. Bushra Najem Aubdullah Al- Mashhadani
Effect Of Knowledge Hiding Behavior on Employees' Passion: Field Study in a Sample of Electronic Payment Companies
This research aims to examine the impact of knowledge hiding behavior as an explanatory variable with its dimensions (evasive hiding, rationalized hiding, and playing dumb) on employee passion as a responsive variable with its dimensions (work enjoyment, self-motivation, and self-identity) in electronic payment companies. The research problem was identified through an attempt to answer the main question: To what extent does knowledge hiding behavior affect employee passion among employees of electronic payment companies? The researchers selected electronic payment companies operating in Baghdad Governorate as the field of the study. A set of hypotheses was formulated, the most important of which states that knowledge hiding behavior has no effect on employee passion in electronic payment companies. The researchers adopted the descriptive–analytical approach as a framework for describing and analyzing the data related to the study variables. The questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection, in addition to field interviews as a supporting tool. The questionnaire was distributed to a group of employees working in electronic payment companies representing the study sample, with a total of 132 respondents. The questionnaire data were analyzed using several statistical software programs (SPSS V.24 and AMOS V.24) to test the validity and reliability of the research measures, as well as to conduct simple and multiple regression analyses to identify the direct effects among the study variables. The study reached several conclusions, the most significant of which is the presence of a significant negative effect of knowledge hiding behavior on employee passion. Based on these results, the researchers recommended the necessity of building an organizational environment that supports a culture of knowledge sharing and exchange among colleagues by providing employees with material or moral incentives to overcome their fears of losing knowledge. In addition, organizations should develop a formal code of conduct that clarifies acceptable and unacceptable behaviors within the workplace and ensures employees’ commitment to them.
Assist.Lectur. Mohammed Khalel Hammed Al-Tamemmi
Prof. Dr. Sanaa Abdulraheem Said Alubadi
The Impact of the Payback Period and Accounting Rate of Return on Investment Decisions
This study aims to examine the feasibility of developing international capital budgeting standards that are more appropriate for international companies in making investment decisions. It also aims to identify the equations for measuring the results of international capital budgeting standards, which contribute to determining and predicting future cash flows. The research sample comprised analysts, investors, academics, financial managers, and those interested in foreign investment and financial data analysis for all service contract fields. We distributed (343) valid questionnaires for analysis. The questionnaire included a set of paragraphs and questions, the data of which were collected and classified using the statistical program (SPSS). The study concluded that one of the most important requirements for preparing international capital budgeting is obtaining accurate and appropriate financial and non-financial information for decision-making, and that increasing the value of the payback period standard by one unit leads to an increase in the degree of suitability and reliability of investment decision outcomes by 0.63. A one-unit increase in the accounting rate of return (ARR) increases the relevance and reliability of investment decision outcomes.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakeem Hammood Flayyih
The impact and repercussions of corona pandemic (Covid-19) on the consumer behavior of families in Sulaymaniyah governorate (2019-2022)
Public health recommendations and government measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in numerous restrictions on daily life including social distancing, isolation and confinement at home. While these measures are necessary to limit the spread of COVID-19, the impact of these restrictions on healthy behaviors and lifestyles in the home is not specified. This research presents the results of the respondents about consumer behavior and consumption patterns of families in Sulaymaniyah governorate in aspects of nutrition, clothes and sanitary items the research follows the method of a questionnaire form along with the review of previous studies, and the research reached a group of theses One of the most important conclusions is that the Coronavirus pandemic has a direct impact on consumers' behavior in terms of spending their incomes with the increase and decrease in their demand for certain types of goods and services As the research reached that those preventive and health materials from among the selected commodities, the demand for them has increased significantly since the emergence of the Corona pandemic. Finally, the research suggested a set of recommendations, some of which are related to consumers, which includes a review of their income expenditure and not to over-purchase medical materials and goods Some of the others are related to governments with regard to providing some necessary goods and services, including medical materials and goods, for free or at a lower price, and finding a quick solution to this bad situation that the economy of the Kurdistan region is going through.
Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of Some Monetary Policy Instruments on Trade Exposure in Iraq for the Period (2003–2023)
This research aims to analyze and measure the impact of some monetary policy tools on the degree of trade exposure in Iraq during the period (2003–2023), in light of the economic transformations and trade openness that the country witnessed after 2003. The study relied on a standard analytical approach using annual data on some economic variables. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method was employed to measure short- and long-term relationships and verify the direction of causality between variables. The study revealed several results, the most important of which is the existence of a significant relationship between some monetary policy instruments and trade exposure. Based on the research findings, the study suggested the need to coordinate monetary policy with trade and industrial policy to mitigate the risks associated with increased trade exposure and enhance the national economy's ability to confront external shocks by diversifying sources of income, supporting local production, and managing the exchange rate to serve economic stability.
Activating Islamic Sukuk as a Tool for Strategic Agility in Sustainable Development
Islamic Sukuk are an important financial tool that complies with Islamic Sharia law, and they have witnessed widespread dissemination and significant demand in many Islamic and non-Islamic countries. Islamic bonds have proven their effectiveness and success in financing large projects, especially after the global financial crisis in 2008. International interest in Islamic Sukuk has increased as a distinctive financial tool that contributes to financing infrastructure, real estate, and development projects. There are many successful international experiences in the field of issuing Islamic Sukuk, which confirm their ability to finance infrastructure projects in different countries around the world. Strategic agility represents a necessary need in the current era to face severe fluctuations in the external environment, and its effective activation in public and private institutions to achieve organizational excellence. The current study aims to explore the impact of strategic agility in activating Islamic bonds in the government sector to enhance sustainable development. Infrastructure projects are considered a basic pillar for the development and growth of societies, and they require massive financing that may exceed the budgets of some countries, especially developing countries that suffer from debt and budget deficits. Therefore, it is necessary to search for appropriate financing alternatives to establish these projects without increasing debt or resorting to privatization. This research paper aims to demonstrate the extent to which Islamic bonds can be used to finance infrastructure projects under the Amir system, which protects the state from the risks of both indebtedness and privatization, while simultaneously preserving its sovereignty and independence to achieve sustainable development.
The Reality of Strategic Vigilance and Its Impact on the Quality of Financial Reporting
Strategic vigilance and the quality of financial reporting play a significant role in providing, processing, and analyzing the necessary information to beneficiaries and decision-makers to take appropriate measures and decisions related to the performance of the General Tax Authority to ensure the continued collection of tax amounts. The study aims to identify the reality of strategic vigilance in the quality of financial reporting. The researchers relied on a hypothesis for the variables of the problem, which was represented by the following question: Does the quality of financial reporting depend on strategic vigilance in auditing financial statements to estimate the tax amount? They also adopted two approaches: the inductive approach in conducting a theoretical study, and the analytical approach used in the practical aspect in personal interviews and data analysis. The researchers used statistical indicators in line with the study hypothesis, and the study proved the validity of the hypothesis regarding the role of strategic vigilance in the quality of financial reporting of audited financial statements in estimating the tax amount. The study reached the most important conclusions that the joint stock companies accountable for tax in the tax administration apply the requirements of strategic vigilance and are among the most important institutions that apply the quality of financial reporting in implementation of Income Tax Standard No. (12). The most important recommendations are the necessity of applying and neutralizing the tax examination procedures when conducting the examination of reports and financial statements, which contributes to encouraging most taxpayers to use strategic vigilance in the quality of financial reporting on accounting information and evidence and indications for its audit, and then the tax examination process can be completed with less time and effort and with more accuracy to reach the taxable income.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Faisal Sarhan Al-Azzawi
The Role of Dashboard Reporting Skills in Managerial Accounting for Enhancing Business Profitability
This study explores the role of dashboard reporting skills in managerial accounting and their perceived impact on enhancing business profitability from the perspective of academic professionals. In response to the increasing reliance on data visualization tools such as Power BI and Tableau in financial decision-making, this research investigates whether current accounting education effectively prepares graduates with such competencies. Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected from 44 faculty members at Salahaddin University in Erbil, Iraq. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between perceived dashboard reporting skills and their influence on business profitability.The results reveal a strong academic consensus on the importance of dashboard competencies, with an agreement rate of 78.90%. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.738, p < 0.001) was found between dashboard skills and perceived profitability outcomes. Furthermore, regression analysis demonstrated that dashboard skills significantly predict perceptions of profitability (R² = 54.5%, p < 0.001). However, the findings also indicate uncertainty regarding the integration of these tools into accounting curricula. The study concludes that bridging the skills gap through curriculum reform, hands-on training, and continuous professional development is essential to align academic preparation with modern business requirements. Recommendations include embedding dashboard tools into accounting education, enhancing university-industry collaboration, and conducting further empirical research to support data-driven decision-making in management accounting.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Abdulazeez Mohsin
Evaluating the financial performance of the economic units, a case study in the National Agricultural Production Company
Financial performance indicators, especially the analysis of financial ratios, have become very important information to support the decisions of departments and investors alike to assess financial stability and the growth of economic units. Therefore, this research focuses on using financial ratios to analyze the annual financial reports of economic units, to find out the extent of growth and stability of the economic unit during a time series. The results of the performance evaluation process for the research sample (the National Company for Agricultural Production) showed that the process of analyzing the financial ratios is very useful for users of the financial statements to make a decision about the extent of the financial stability of the economic units and to know whether the economic unit has used the available resources effectively.
Auditing modern irrigation technologies according to the International Standard for Related Services 4400 Revised
The research aims to propose a program to audit the project of using modern irrigation technologies according to the International Standard for Related Services (4400) (Revised) to tighten control over the project's work and achieve the audit objectives based on the developments in the regulatory environment and its variables. The research was based on two main hypotheses: (There is no specialized audit program that follows up on the work of the project of using modern irrigation technologies affiliated with the Ministry of Agriculture and relies on its procedures on the International Standard for Related Services (4400) (Revised). The adoption of the International Standard for Related Services (4400) (Revised) affects the process of auditing modern irrigation technologies). One of the most important conclusions reached by the researchers was the absence of an audit program approved by the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau that relies in its procedures on the International Standard for Related Services (4400) (Revised) to audit the project of using modern irrigation technologies. This reflects a lack of tools and procedures necessary for the external auditor to perform a comprehensive and reliable assessment based on the best international practices and thus leads to failure to detect potential weaknesses and problems in the early stages, which increases the risk of failure or waste of resources. The most important recommendations were the necessity of adopting the proposed audit program applied to the project of using modern irrigation technologies, prepared in accordance with the international standard for related services (4400) (Revised) by the external auditor (the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau), which reflects a comprehensive and reliable assessment to reveal weaknesses and potential risks in the early stages of the project’s work.
International Standard for Related Services (4400) Revised
Assist. Prof. Dr. Wafaa Hussain Salman Al-Haidari
Examining the influence of credit risk indicators on the liquidity dynamics of Kurdistan International and Iraqi Islamic Bank for the period 2005-2022
The banking sector play a significant role in the economy and in the financial system of any country. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of credit risk indicators on the liquidity of two Iraqi banks including Kurdistan international bank and Iraqi Islamic bank by using data covering 18 years from 2005 to 2022. This research used SPSS V.26 program which were using correlations and regressions for analyzing data. The main result of the research indicated that the null hypothesis will be rejected and stating that there is a significant effect of the credit risk indicators (explanatory variables) on the liquidity dynamics (dependent variable) at the 0.05 significance level. Research recommended that highlighting the total credit quality of a bank's assets and liabilities is crucial as the profitability and net worth of a bank pivot not only on default risks, but also on the quality of its assets and liabilities.
A proposed audit program for non-profit organizations in accordance with international auditing standards
This research aims to prepare a proposed audit program for non-profit organizations in accordance with international auditing standards. The importance of the research is evident in ensuring that non-profit organizations are properly exploiting their resources in legitimate ways and in accordance with their objectives for which they were established, whether charitable or voluntary work, through the application of the proposed audit program, which contributes to revealing financial manipulation in the accounts of non-profit organizations and is reflected in the audit results, ensuring the expression of a neutral technical opinion on the fairness of the financial statements and enhancing the confidence of users of the financial statements of non-profit organizations, especially donors, donors and government agencies. To achieve the objectives sought from the research and test its hypotheses, the researcher relied on the inductive (descriptive) approach through sources and references to achieve the research objectives. As for the practical aspect, he relied on the deductive approach by studying the actual reality of the non-profit organization being applied and preparing a proposed audit program through the use of financial reports and accounting records. The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the absence of an audit program for non-profit organizations issued by the professional bodies sponsoring the auditing profession or the regulatory bodies. In Iraq, to clarify the control procedures that must be observed by auditors, which are consistent with the nature of the activity and privacy of non-profit organizations. Accordingly, the researcher recommends the necessity for auditors and regulatory bodies to adopt the proposed audit program for non-profit organizations.
The Impact of Contextual Intelligence on Strategic Entrepreneurship
The research aims to test the relationships of the impact of contextual intelligence in its dimensions (linking to past events, future foresight, and penetrating insight) on Strategic Entrepreneurship in its dimensions (continuous innovation, risk taking, proactive behavior, ability to generate value, and opportunity mentality) in a sample of private banks in Baghdad that included (9) banks. The field research problem was represented by the following question (What is the level of impact of contextual intelligence on Strategic Entrepreneurship in the banks studied?). The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and by adopting a main hypothesis from which five sub-hypotheses emerged to explore the relationships of influence between the variables and their dimensions. The research sample included (140) individuals, including (Managing Director, Assistant Director, Department Manager). The sample was selected from the research community consisting of (230) managers. The questionnaire was used as a primary tool to collect data prepared by the researcher based on ready-made scales. To extract the results, a set of statistical methods were used, including (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, relative importance, Pearson correlation coefficient, simple and multiple linear regression, indirect effect analysis, T-test, F-test). The data were analyzed using statistical programs (SPSS V.28) and (AMOS V.25) and (Excel V.2010) to enter the data. One of the most prominent results reached is the existence of a statistically significant influence relationship between contextual intelligence in its combined dimensions and Strategic Entrepreneurship in its dimensions.
Assist. Lectur. Kadhum Hameed Elaibi Al-Battbootti
Analysis of service and production contracts according to the sustainability accounting standard (oil and gas - exploration and production) EM.EP.210 and EP210 indicators and reflection on product costs
The research aims to clarify the importance of adopting the sustainability accounting standard as a tool for analyzing service and production contracts and its reflection on production costs by analyzing the data of the Central Oil Company according to the standard under study. The research problem revolved around the company's reliance on traditional methods in analyzing service and production costs, which led to an increase in oil production costs and thus led to a decrease in revenues due to the company's reliance on the traditional method in studying the high costs of producing a barrel of oil produced, and the high percentage of its environmental risks in the Central Oil Company and its failure to keep pace with developments in strategic cost management concepts, which negatively affects the calculation of the cost of the barrel. The research presents a hypothesis that the definition of sustainability accounting standards (SASB) in general and the standards of extractive materials (oil and gas - exploration and production) in production and service contracts and determining service and production contracts in the research sample company and analyzing service and production contracts according to sustainability accounting standards and their reflection on the cost of a barrel of oil, as the research problem lies in the high costs of the barrel, which are calculated through capital and operating costs in addition to the profitability fee in the Central Oil Company, on the assumption that the use of sustainability accounting standards The standards of extractive materials and mineral processing (oil and gas - exploration and production) in the research sample company are reflected in production costs. To achieve the research objectives and prove the hypothesis, the inductive approach will be adopted in the theoretical aspect and the deductive approach will be adopted to reach what the costs of producing a barrel of oil should be based on the analysis method. The researcher reached some conclusions, the most important of which is the use of sustainability accounting standards in measuring the company's costs in order to reduce costs.
The role of the auditor in combating corruption in public sector financial institutions according to the INTOSAI Guide (ISSAI 5270)
Corruption is a serious phenomenon that many countries suffer from, especially developing countries, due to the adverseeffects of this phenomenon that hinder the process of progress in several fields. The current research aims to propose an audit program according to the Anti-curruption Audit GUID 5270 Issued by INTOSAI for the year 2019 to assist the supervisory and Investigative authorities in combating corruption in Iraq and reducing the waste of puplic funds, and the auditor rolein detecting it bylocal laws and regulations related to combating corruption. The research also sought to identify the INTOSAI and its approved standards related to detecting and reducing corruption and to present a proposed oversight program that considers the requirements of the INTOSAI Guide (ISSAI 5270) to combat corruption. An audit proposal was prepared based on INTOSAI standards, represented by the tools of laws and regulations related to yhe subject of combating corruption, as well as the planning budget and credit plans of the financial institution and the INTOSAI ( GUID 5270 ), while the industrial bank represented the research sample as one of the public financial institution operating in Iraq and the time limits of the research were represented bythe years (2021-2023). the research concluded that the standards and principles of the INTOSAI organization are among the critical and essential tools for practicing supervisory work and that applying these standards would lead to improving the efficiency of the auditor's work and strengthening the role of supervisory bodies in societies and enhancing confidence in the outputs of these bodies, in addition to understanding the nature of the activity of financial institutions in the public sector and the tasks of their departments and the laws and regulations under which they operate and the general strategies of the state affect the audit procedures to combat corruption.
Cost-benefit comparison between the Nahrain hybrid variety and traditional varieties for the 2023 season
A study was conducted to measure the cost-benefit ratio between the Al-Nahrain hybrid variety and traditional varieties during the 2023 agricultural season. The study aimed to measure the cost-benefit ratio between the Al-Nahrain hybrid and traditional varieties in the Kirkuk and Salah al-Din governorates during the 2023 agricultural season, using economic and accounting analysis methods. Data was collected through personal interviews with 120 farmers using a questionnaire designed for this purpose, distributed equally between 60 questionnaires for the Al-Nahrain variety and 60 for the traditional variety. The research problem was the low productivity of yellow corn and the decline in cultivated areas, resulting in reduced income for farmers. The CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) methodology was used to measure the cost-benefit ratio between the Al-Nahrain hybrid and traditional varieties. The results showed that the traditional variety achieved higher revenues, reaching 1,131,624 dinars, compared to the hybrid variety, which generated 945,624 dinars, indicating the efficiency of the traditional variety in generating returns. The production cost of the hybrid variety was lower (354,005 dinars) compared to the conventional variety (475,325 dinars), indicating the potential for improved profitability through the use of hybrids. Data showed a 25.52% reduction in the overall costs of the hybrid variety, demonstrating improved cost management efficiency. The cost-to-reward ratio showed that the conventional variety was more efficient (2.3807) than the hybrid variety (2.6712). Furthermore, the hybrid variety required less fertilizer, reflecting greater efficiency in the use of agricultural inputs. The study recommended encouraging farmers to cultivate hybrid varieties, focusing on improving cost management strategies, diversifying crops, and strengthening collaboration with agricultural experts. It also recommended providing training programs for farmers on how to effectively use hybrid varieties, which would contribute to improved productivity and increased profitability.
Reflection of applying green target costing technique in reducing costs
The researcher aims to demonstrate the impact of applying green target costing techniques on reducing cement production costs through the use of clean fossil fuels. This is in light of increased costs, particularly fixed costs, due to frequent production stoppages and reduced output, as well as the high fuel costs at the plant, which lead to increased production costs. Consequently, the selling price of cement fails to cover production costs. Therefore, the research aims to utilize clean energy for generating electrical and thermal energy to improve the production process and reduce costs by adopting environmentally friendly solutions to minimize environmental pollution in cement manufacturing.
Analysis of the impact of economic crises on the value of shares in Islamic and usurious banks
The research aims to demonstrate the role of the financial crisis in determining the value of shares in the market and assessing the sustainability of Islamic banks if we compare them to usurious banks in the face of various shocks in light of economic crises by comparing the average market value of shares through (t&f), (regression equation) and (Pearson correlation coefficient) and presenting the results via the (spss-v23) program. The importance of the research appears through studying the impact of financial crises on the activities of the banking sector and its repercussions on the economy as a whole. Two banks were selected, one Islamic and the other usurious, as a sample for the study during the crisis period from (2017-2021). A number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which is the existence of large differences between the average market values ​​of the two banks and in the fundamental factors affecting both of them. The most important recommendations are to monitor the differences between Islamic and usurious banks on an ongoing basis and update policies based on recent data to ensure balanced performance and achieve sustainable growth.
Assist. Lecture. Mohammed Hasan Abdul-Ameer
Reflection of the Quality of accounting information on the opinion of the Auditor
The main objective of the research is to indicate the knowledge bases of the quality of accounting information and the accounting monitoring and the reflection of the quality of accounting information on the opinion of the auditor based on the assertion that the financial statements were prepared in accordance with the characteristics of the quality of the accounting information through the application of research variables in Baghdad Industrial Company, one of the specialized companies in the food industry in Iraq, which applies the financial accounting system, and the most important finding sought to contain the financial reports on fundamental errors that would change the technical opinion of the auditor because it did not occur Reasonable confirmation that financial statements are free of fundamental errors. The researcher relied on the deductive Approach on the theoretical side, and the inductive Approach in the applied side in order to achieve the goals of the study. The most important thing the study reached to a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the importance of the quality of accounting information on the opinion of the auditor and the extent of credibility of the financial statements through the difference in a group of balances installed in the records on the balances shown in the financial statements that lead to misleading accounting information provided to users and making them incomplete in particular As there was no interpretative opinion provided by the administration to the auditor, which is reflected in the opinion of the auditor that the financial statements are incomplete and do not express fairly to all the fundamental aspects . The study recommended the application of international accounting standards (IAS) and international financial reporting standards (IFRS) with international audit standards (ISA) to the company and to ensure that all financial statements are compatible with international accounting standards. This includes the commitment to the requirements of providing accounting information in accordance with the specific criteria and characteristics of accounting information.
Auditing the performance of the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by War Operations according to the INTOSAI Standard (3000)
The research aimed to define performance auditing and the INTOSAI standards and guidelines issued regarding performance auditing, and to explain the concept of the conceptual framework and application procedures and the nature of specialized funds (FUND) and the literature on performance auditing, in addition to presenting a proposed audit program to audit the Reconstruction Fund for Affected Areas according to the INTOSAI Standard (3000) and the standards and guidelines referred to in this standard. The analytical approach was used in this research, and the researchers used a set of tools to achieve the research objectives, which were represented by collecting and analyzing data, and analyzing the financial statements of the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by War Operations in order to understand the nature of the Fund's activity, in addition to examining and analyzing the documentary collection, documents and data, and preparing a proposed audit program according to the INTOSAI standards and guidelines and relevant international standards. The research sample was represented by the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by War Operations for the years (2015-2020), since most of the Fund's programs and projects were in this period. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: understanding the nature of the Fund's activity, its organizational structure and tasks The powers of its departments help guide the auditor towards formulating performance audit procedures that help verify the efficiency, effectiveness and economy of the fund. The researchers recommended that the supervisory bodies concerned with auditing the Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by War Operations should pay attention to implementing the performance audit process on the fund at close intervals or forming a special committee to complete this process due to the importance of the fund and the large allocations allocated to it.
Analyzing the Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms in Pricing Financial Options
This study compares the performance of machine learning algorithms with the Black-Scholes model in predicting the price of financial options. Data from 153 contracts traded on the Tehran Stock Exchange between April 2018 and July 2024 were used. The models' performance was evaluated using MAE and RMSE metrics, and the results indicated that machine learning algorithms significantly outperformed the Black-Scholes model in terms of prediction accuracy.
The Impact of Credit Risk Level in the Financial Statements of Banks According to the Application of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9)
The application of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9) represents the best modern accounting treatment of financial assets and liabilities, impairment procedures, hedging, and fair value accounting, which largely replaces the International Accounting Standard (IAS) No. (39). It has been implemented in all Iraqi commercial banks since January 1st, 2019, encouraging early implementation. The key characteristics that distinguish this standard are fair value computation, financial instrument registration and classification, and hedge accounting. Impact of Credit Risk Level under the Application of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9) commercial banks in Iraq for the period of 2014 to 2023, and their number (10) banks, has been selected a sample of these banks to be the financial statements and notes complementary to banks complete and issued annually and apply the standard of IFRS No. (9) under the instructions of the Central Bank of Iraq and thus became the research sample (10) bank after excluding banks not listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange. The results show that when applying the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9), the correct classification percentage of the proposed model (72%), this is while not applying the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9), the percentage the correct classification percentage of the proposed model (68%). Therefore, this result should be an incentive to implement the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9) in the banking sector listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange.
International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. (9)
Suggested auditing program to audit the accounts of the secretariats in the diyala governorate court
The research seeks to identify the theoretical framework of the trust account and the role of the external auditor in verifying the accuracy of its registration, registration, control and liquidation. A proposed audit program has been prepared for approval by the external auditor in auditing the trust account in accordance with international auditing standards, which is what the research aims to achieve The research found that, Not to rely entirely on INTOSAI standards and international auditing standards when preparing the financial statements audit program for the government spending unit approved for all audit procedures related to the trust account as only (8) procedures were included in the approved program (Appendix No. (1)), as these procedures are considered insufficient to audit the trusts account because it includes accounts. There are many sub-subjects, and the research recommends adopting the proposed audit program to audit the trusts account.
Proposed program for auditing municipal revenues according to international auditing standards
The research aims to prepare a proposed program in accordance with international auditing standards and based on the laws, regulations and instructions in force, which the auditor must take into consideration when auditing municipal revenues to contribute to improving the process of auditing municipal revenues and assisting auditors in completing auditing procedures with high fluidity and achieving auditing objectives efficiently and effectively. It will be reflected in giving an opinion on the fairness of the financial statements of municipal institutions. The research concluded that the program of the Federal Financial Control Bureau approved for auditing municipal activities did not include detailed auditing procedures for municipal revenues and did not take into consideration international auditing standards. Therefore, the researchers recommend the necessity of adopting the proposed program.